Why is chlamydia capitalized

When this assimilation has occurred may be difficult to ascertain, but generally, as mentioned earlier, a good dictionary will show the term with capitalization as encountered in use.

However, the chosen dictionary may also present multiple options for capitalization, and it will remain entirely up to individual writers to discern and choose the most appropriate form. This perhaps troublesome assimilation of the specificity of proper nouns has at least partly occurred with the name "Black Death". For example, "Black Death" is allowed two forms by the Merriam-Webster online dictionary:. From "black death" , at Merriam-Webster. Sign up to join this community.

The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. Ask Question. Asked 6 years, 8 months ago. Active 4 years, 2 months ago. Viewed 78k times. For example, I'm trying to determine if the following is correct: The plaintiff could no longer work due to a health condition called pertussis.

Improve this question. JEL Like all words, they are capitalized when they begin a sentence. There are some diseases whose names contain a proper name i. Lou Gehrig's disease. The proper name is capitalized within the disease name, but the whole disease name is not capitalized i. The evidence reviewed primarily focused on specimen types used for nucleic acid amplification testing for chlamydia diagnosis, considerations in screening men for chlamydia and repeat testing after infected men receive treatment, and the natural history of chlamydia.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States [ 1 ]. The number of C. Younger age and prior chlamydial infection are 2 of the strongest risk factors for chlamydia. Because the majority of chlamydial infections are asymptomatic, detection of infection often relies on screening. The benefits of chlamydia screening in women have been demonstrated in areas where screening programs have reduced both chlamydial prevalence [ 4 , 5 ] and rates of pelvic inflammatory disease PID [ 6 , 7 ].

The approach to the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated C. After publication of the CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases STD Treatment Guidelines [ 3 ], unanswered questions and topics requiring further study on the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection remained.

This article summarizes the key questions and evidence related to diagnosis and management of uncomplicated C. The review and recommendations focused on key questions with new evidence or those covering topics of higher priority.

The subject heading chlamydia and subheadings for each search were combined and exploded with the limitations applied. Search 1 focused on C. Search 2 focused on management of genital chlamydial infection and yielded citations the subheadings were treatment, therapy, antibiotic, resistance, failure, persistence, eradication, cure, partner, and behavior.

Search 3 focused on chlamydia epidemiology and natural history and yielded citations the subheadings were risk factor, prevalence, incidence, clearance, persistence, resolution, and natural history. Articles solely discussing Chlamydia species other than C. Citations were then selected and reviewed for key questions that could be addressed with new evidence or were deemed of high priority. Articles were summarized in a table of evidence with respect to study design, methodology, results, and conclusions, and the quality of evidence was rated as good, moderate, or insufficient.

The quality of the evidence and discussions with expert consultants were then used to address key questions and to formulate recommendations for the upcoming CDC STD Treatment Guidelines.

Below are the key questions addressed at the meeting, the summary of evidence, and recommendations for the guidelines. Other key question topics initially considered but not addressed at the meeting because of lack of new evidence that would contribute to recommendations included 1 expedited partner therapy, 2 treatment regimens for pregnant women with chlamydial infection, 3 new antibiotic regimens for chlamydia treatment, and 4 timing of repeat chlamydia testing in women.

Chlamydia culture has been the diagnostic test traditionally used for detection of C. However, chlamydia culture performed on specimens from these extragenital sites has low sensitivity, which is concerning because most patients with rectal or oropharyngeal chlamydia are asymptomatic and, therefore, might receive treatment only if the chlamydia test at these extragenital sites has positive results. Men who have sex with men MSM may not have insertive penile sex and, therefore, would have chlamydia diagnosed only at an exposed oropharyngeal or rectal site.

Furthermore, chlamydia culture requires specialized laboratory expertise in cell culture and is now not widely available in the United States. Therefore, although not currently cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for extragenital sites, NAATs are an attractive alternative to culture for testing at these sites because 1 they have been shown to be more sensitive than culture on genital specimens and this probably is the case for rectal and oropharyngeal specimens and 2 most laboratories performing chlamydia testing on genital specimens are using NAATs and could validate these assays for testing at extragenital sites.

Two studies evaluated the performance of C. Participants were considered chlamydia infected at a site if the culture result was positive, if both NAAT results were positive, or if a single positive NAAT result was confirmed by another NAAT targeting alternative sequences.

They demonstrated higher chlamydia prevalence in the oropharynx and rectum with NAATs compared with culture 0. NAATs performed better than culture regardless of symptoms. Participants were considered chlamydia infected on the basis of 2 rotating standards; the first standard required at least 2 of 3 C.

In this study, a single positive NAAT result was not considered a true-positive, because there was no alternative NAAT with a different target sequence performed to confirm a true- versus false-positive test. Test specificity for rectal specimens was There were several published reports, primarily in MSM populations, in which NAATs were validated for chlamydia testing at extragenital sites [ 10—15 ], and some provide epidemiological, clinical, and behavioral data to improve our knowledge of associations of these factors with extragenital chlamydia.

A limitation of current studies evaluating NAATs on oropharyngeal specimens is the very low prevalence of oropharyngeal chlamydia. It is uncertain whether C. Further studies on the clinical and epidemiological significance of oropharygneal chlamydia are needed. The use of vaginal swab specimens for chlamydia testing has the advantages of being minimally invasive, can be self-collected with ease, and can be easily transported to a laboratory. Apparent false-positive vaginal specimens were confirmed as chlamydia positive if results of both the APT and AC2 which have different targets were positive.

An algorithm with these 3 assays was used to establish chlamydia positivity. Two other studies reviewed found a high rate of agreement in C. Several studies that evaluated PVS acceptability found that PVS was a highly acceptable and easy specimen collection strategy [ 19—22 ]. Those who did not request a kit were more likely to prefer pelvic examination collection, and if they preferred self-collection, they tended to prefer providing FCU specimens and picking up the test kit at a pharmacy.

In summary, there is strong evidence that PVS specimens are excellent specimens for C. There was a strong recommendation to add PVS specimens as recommended specimens for C. The ability to perform chlamydia testing on Pap test specimens may reduce the number of cervical swab specimens collected and may make it easier to test for chlamydia at the time of Pap test screening.

Each assay performed well with SurePath, with sensitivities of Use of a cervical broom rather than a cervical spatula or cytobrush by Koumans et al [ 24 ] and Chernesky et al [ 25 ] may have lowered C.

Collectively, these studies suggest that liquid-based cytology specimens may be suitable for C. These complications include blindness, bone deformities, brain damage, cancer, heart disease, infertility, birth defects, mental retardation, and even death. There are many different kinds of STDs, and the types of treatment are as varied as their symptoms. NIAID supports the development and licensure of vaccines, topical microbicides, and drug treatments, such as antibiotics and antifungals, for the microbes that cause STDs.

No STD is harmless. Even the curable ones can cause serious consequences if left untreated. Organization History. Visitor Information Contact Us. Disease-Specific Research. Overview Information for Researchers. Credit: CDC. What's New. Medical Definition of chlamydia. More from Merriam-Webster on chlamydia Britannica. Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words?

Love words? Need even more definitions? Homophones, Homographs, and Homonyms The same, but different.