Who is educated in afghanistan

Women teachers in the country are also unable to return to work. Faruqi, who left Afghanistan in the wake of the takeover. She said the agency learned that many Taliban members believed education was important for their boys and girls.

Even though UNICEF tripled the number of schools open in Afghanistan, with 10 million children attending, four million of them girls, the country was already falling behind in educational provision.

COVID has further impacted progress. Both Ms. Fore and the UN Deputy Secretary-General spoke of the promise of digital technology and distance learning as a solution for expanding educational opportunities. And one of those important rights is the right to education. The government of Afghanistan has adopted an approach, which focuses on inclusiveness, child-centred learning and a safe, healthy, and protective learning environment with active community participation.

UNICEF advocates with the highest levels of Government and provides continuous technical and financial support to the Ministry Education to improve management practices and coordination for partnership at all levels. At the community level, UNICEF works closely with School Management Shuras consultative councils , parents, community members, decision-makers, and children themselves to improve community school management. Emergency preparedness and response UNICEF provides emergency education to ensure children continue going to school during disasters and conflicts.

UNICEF focuses on promoting social cohesion and a culture of peace in local communities, especially in regions where fear and violence persist. A week after an attack at a high school, the streets are eerily quiet. Challenge Solution Resources. An estimated 3. Community-based schools offer students the chance to complete primary grades in their own communities, while Accelerated Learning Centres ALCs help children up to the age of 15 who have missed out on a primary education.

Providing quality education for the most vulnerable. The settlement is home to over one thousand displaced families who returned from Pakistan. Uprooted families who return to Afghanistan after living as refugees for decades often end up joining the ranks of the internally displaced, as conflict and lost community networks prevent them from returning to a clear place of origin.

More children in school Access to education is a right for every child. Not surprisingly, in the late 's and early 's, debate was not restricted to only lecture halls, but the entire society was undergoing a transformational period.

During this time scandalous cases of corruption also surfaced into the public debate circles. One relevant issue was the role of nepotism in the distribution of overseas scholarships and promotions. Kabul University was becoming a center for public discourse, social activism, and a check and balance on the government bureaucracy:. It was in the 's that new generation of educated Afghans entered the government bureaucracy.

Further progress was realized in when the Faculty of Medicine at Nangahar University was founded in the city of Jalalabad in which Pashtu and English were the languages of instruction. Still, international projects continued unhampered and with the assistance of the Soviet Union in the Polytechnic Institute was created. However, political progress was coming to slow as the king and his establishment failed to ratify several important legislations drafted by the elected parliament.

In while international aid declined and unemployment rose, the constitutional monarchy was abolished in a palace coup d'etat declaring former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud as the country's President of the first republican government.

The Soviets immediately recognized the first new republican government. In the field of education, "Special attention was given to the development of technical and vocational education including agricultural education" Samady, , P. Not only was the constitution of the government styled after that of the Soviet Union but also changes in academia started to resemble the Soviet approach to education. According to Shorish , in about 12, high school graduates competed for about 3, places at Kabul University.

In , the education infrastructure could not support the educational demands. It was not a case of education inflation; rather it was a result of faulty planning and structural inadequacies.

In , there were more than one million students in primary and secondary schools and other educational institutions in Afghanistan. There were , girls and 5, female teachers in primary schools. In an attempt to reduce pressure on both the education system and the labor market, the government instituted an examination, the Concord, at the end of the eighth grade:.

The main purpose of the French-derived Concord was to weed out potentially successful university students from the rest of the student population. Although the new government considered itself non-aligned, it was very much in alliance with the Soviet Union. The U.

Being from the rural area, Taraki instituted Marxist style reforms, which emphasized literacy and educational opportunity expansion to farmers, rural dwellers, and women. According to Dobbs , the April coup of caught the Kremlin by surprise and Moscow had even warned against the obstacles.

Not considering the tensions between the modern systems and traditional systems, Taraki instituted drastic social and economic measures, including land reform, women's rights and education, thus continuing to offend those with vested interests in maintaining the status quo. President Amin had previously been a PhD. The Amin regime executed and imprisoned intellectuals and technocrats from all over the political spectrum such as the royalists, religious elements, and rival leftist groups of society.

He did not hesitate to go after his own party members such as President Taraki or his sympathizers. Interestingly, Amin had declared a jihad on illiteracy while leftist were plotting his overthrow and the mujahidin renewed their call to jihad holy war started in against the state. Neither the leftists nor mujahidin were able to overthrow him because in December Soviet tanks rolled into Afghanistan. While people were freed of Amin what took shape was a Soviet Vietnam scenario and eventual training ground for foreign Al-Qaida fighters And promotion of fanaticism among Afghans.

In , Babrak Karmal, former s parliamentarian, became the country's fourth president. President Karmal was a graduate of Habibia Lycee and Kabul University and went on to become a member of the s parliament.

Literacy courses and programs educating about health, technology were expanded throughout the country. Ansary explains that lots of advances in education were made. Since the s the educational system was becoming increasingly indoctrinated and funded by the USSR. This trend increased after the Red Army invasion.

However, Dar-al-Olum, as well the Islamic Studies Department at the university, religious teaching in primary and secondary schools remained intact, religious madrassas and other learning centers became part of the modern educational system. Part of the reforms included the creation of a Pedagogical research centers. In , the Central Institute for the Retraining of Teachers was established.

In , the Kabul Pedagogical Institute was founded. Figures from the 's show that about 1, licensed Afghan doctors graduated yearly not including those on student visas in foreign countries.

Further academic exchanges were established with Eastern Bloc countries as the American and Western exchanges stopped. Starting in , many West German projects were taken over by East Germany until In fact, the East Germans built the Hotaki high school.

Kabul University for the first time established a Spanish Language Department. In the 's about 70 students registered for Spanish courses each semester Rovira, In the s, the government placed emphasis on adult education, literacy programs, higher education, and the other languages of Afghanistan.

In the s, some of those languages merited recognition by the Ministry of Education. In , Dr. Muhammad Najibullah, former head of the Afghan intelligence agency, became the country's fifth president.

That same year, a new university was founded in Balkh. President Najibullah, a graduate of the school of medicine at Kabul University realized the need for more higher education throughout the country by opening two new universities were founded in Herat , and Kandahar While facing obstacles on other front, the government was succeeding in educating and fighting literacy:. Enrollments in secondary education and higher education were , and 24, respectively" Samady, , P.

It is from Giustozzi that we are informed that while the government and mujahidin battled, the mujahidin in Kandahar sent their children to government schools because the alternative was undeveloped education. The government's opposition had an inferior educational system.

The already weak system was paralyzed when the Soviet Union left in because U. At the end of ten years, there were 40, of these schools, most religious schools, in the borderland area of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some experts reported the Pakistani government was ultimately responsible for all schools in the refugee camps, although many factions had organized their own schools in the Northwestern Frontier Province NWFP than in Baluchistan. Furthermore, although the majority of refugees sought shelter in NWFP, the Pakistani government's only seven sponsored Dari-language schools existed in Baluchistan.

So, parents wanting Dari language instruction had to either send their children to private schools or to the factional sponsored schools. The educational system was an institutional and systematic failure for the obvious reasons such as inefficient teacher-student ratios, learning material deficiency, inclusion of at least 3 age groups in each class, and lack of sheltered building.

During the Afghan conflict, some children in neighboring refugees were being taught that "three tanks plus two rocket-propelled grenades is equal to five instruments of [war] Very few kids attained a modern educational upbringing unless they entered other than these schools. It was the militant infusion into the educational content, mentioned earlier, that led to create a generation solely dependent on war to resolve hostility. Within days the various factions collided and Kabul was engulfed in urban warfare cascading throughout the country.

This had immense impact on education. There was no uniform curriculum and religious education was prioritized as more important. The equal education opportunities of boys and girls were not provided while religious schools for boys were encouraged. To make matter worse, schools and Kabul University became the stages for warfare and pillage Shorish, Due to fighting and the security situation the universities and schools were frequently closed. There was damage to buildings and insecurity, which affected school attendance as teachers, administrators, and students became displaced.

Schools and universities became the stages for warfare and pillage. Even laboratories, furniture, and the electric wiring from inside the walls of its classrooms were stolen.

According to Basharat , the rival factions targeted the libraries and thousands of volumes were either looted or burnt, and rare titles smuggled and sold off for high prices in the antiquarian book markets of the United States, Europe and Japan:. It used to contain about a million books, including a huge archive of scientific journals, some 7, academic monographs, and more than manuscripts and hundreds of bound archived copies of magazines and newspapers.

In an article entitled Raping the Libraries of Kabul details of how the various factions burnt or sold millions of hand written books on religion, history, poetry, and autobiographies of great scholars Hussain, From that million-volume collection only 20, books survived.

Nonetheless, a glimmer of hope for modern education occurred between and , in Mazar-e Sharif where primary and secondary schools as well as Balkh University resumed. Most of the teachers from Kabul University sought refuge to the north.

In Herat there was the emergence of higher educational organizations. Herat University had several functioning faculties in By , Afghanistan was divided into two military groups: the Northern Alliance former mujahidin and the Taliban. The Taliban who mainly grew up in orphanages or rather religious seminary schools in Pakistan.

These schools promoted the Deobandi and Wahabi denominations of Islam and manifested in the Taliban:. The Deobandis and Wahabis, both reformists' movements, have restrictive reformatory views on art, music, the role of women, and other sects of Islam.

Since coming to power , Taliban completely closed down school especially any for girls. Only religious studies in religious schools madrassas were allowed for boys. Still, many Afghans schooled their children illegally at home in modern educational curriculum. The thousands of teachers and education administrators became victims of war, underwent intellectual apartheid, or left Afghanistan especially after the Taliban took over Kabul in After the Bonn Conference, the steps of resurrecting the modern educational system started to be taken.

A large part of the discussion on modern education involves government policy. The Afghan government's policies on education will most likely come from the political leadership and recently adopted constitution. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on the positive aspects of the recently adopted constitution of Afghanistan that deals primarily with education. In summary:. The government shall promote education at all levels. Free education is granted to all Afghans until the level of the B.

The government shall promote education for women, improving of education of nomads and elimination of illiteracy in the country. The government shall establish and operate higher, general and vocational education.

The citizens of Afghanistan and foreign powers also can establish higher, general, and vocational private educational institutions and literacy courses with the permission of the state. Furthermore, the state in order to promote physical education and improve national and local sports adopts necessary measures. After so much war, the fashion sensed and bastion of Afghan public discourse at Kabul University was decimated.

The higher educational system underwent a terrible transformation as noted by the Higher Education Minister who noted this on his first day arriving to the ministry:. What's going on? It turned out that the janitors were professors of Kabul University.

Already the Ministry of Higher Education has hired more than women and hopes to achieve an affirmative action equal numbers of men and women Sheridan, , P. The university had an enrollment of about 2, students while in Pakistan. The official spokesman of Khost's governor said, "Another building has been prepared as a hostel for the students near the university, and this had accommodation for 1, students it is intended that of the 1, students only would be female students" Afghan Islamic Press, Important steps are also taking to preserve the small and fledging departments at Kabul University.

For example, "After a hiatus of more than six years, instruction in Spanish has resumed in Afghanistan, with ten university students learning the language because 'so many people speak it'" Ortiz, Department Chair, Mohammed Kabir Nesoami, directs four professors along with several Spanish soldiers.

The department offered two quarters with 12 students, 10 of whom finished the courses Ortiz, Other efforts include four Japanese universities offering a three-year commitment to train Afghan women teachers for six weeks terms.

Other countries and organizations have also pledged new financial and training support. It is hoped that all of these pledges are followed through and materialize for the betterment of the Afghan society.

In July , the US government announced that a private group is studying the building of an American University in Afghanistan. According to the Education Working Group Report published in at the Afghanistan-America Summit, many notable universities have joined in efforts in the educational reconstruction.

The University of Nebraska at Omaha has a long history of collaborating in Education. Purdue University has signed an agreement to collaborate in Engineering, Applied Engineering, Agriculture and Management. The Midwestern University Consortium on International Affairs is considering joining these and related efforts. President Karzai mentioned in his recent address over 26, students attended higher education institutions Radio Afghanistan, The United Nations has a more conservative estimate -- about 4.

Reasons for the expected increase range from more schools opening or being rebuilt to the return last year of 1. This is a step forward in the nation building process and revamping the educational system. Furthermore, other achieves which are "Central to the new effort will be creation in Kabul of a National Academy of Education, which will concentrate on curriculum development, strategic planning and training for instructors.

Teachers from education colleges in Afghanistan's 32 provinces will participate in programs at the academy. They will return to their local colleges as mentors" Goldman, In addition, Kabul Pedagogical Institute has been made into a university. President Karzai mentioned in his recent address that there are 6, partly or completely devastated schools where about 83, teachers taught Radio Afghanistan, In January , the Ministry of Education requested million dollars to carry out its 31 step basic plan in order to absorb more than 1.

But attacks on schools and book burnings have intensified lately" Thorne, During the school year, several girls' school outside Kabul were either rocketed or burned down by terrorists or fanatics. In line with the late s government policy on literacy, he suggested waging a jihad against opponents of female education Deutsche Press-Agentur, Institutionally, President Karzai has also had to face his administration's Ministry of Justice and Supreme Court are packed with religious conservatives who favor traditional education over modern education.

As a result of a resurrected mids law:. President Daoud's government created this law so that young girls in school would not be encouraged to get married and have kids but rather remain in school until they receive their terminal degree.

The current judges in the administration have resurrected this law with the sole purpose of preventing women from education. Thus, oppressing women but misusing laws.